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In the context of a business valuation using the DCF method or the discounted earnings method, the discount rate is used to assign a present value to future income or cash flows. The discount rate is used to calculate the present value of future payments, whereby future payments are discounted to the present value. Among other things, currency fluctuations, the current interest rate level, the risk of payments and expectations of future inflation are taken into account. In general, the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of future payments and vice versa. This article looks at the underlying theoretical concepts and addresses the most important aspects of determining the cost of capital from a business valuation perspective.
Equity costs include dividend payments and increases in the value of an equity investment, while borrowing costs include interest payments. However, the cost of capital is not the actual returns achieved in the past, but the expected returns on a capital investment, taking into account the agreed conditions and the opportunities and risks of the capital investment. The cost of capital as an expected return is well suited as a discount rate in the DCF valuation, as a valuation interest rate in impairment tests or as a decision criterion in profitability calculations.
The method used to determine the cost of capital as an expected return is based on portfolio theory, a subfield of capital market theory. Modern portfolio theory was founded by the work of Harry M. Markowitz (1952). It describes assumptions about the investment behavior of capital investors, in particular their risk aversion. In order to achieve an optimal risk/return ratio, it is recommended to diversify investments.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) made it possible to explain the expected return on securities by distinguishing between systematic and unsystematic risks. In valuation practice, the CAPM or the Tax-CAPM has established itself as the standard model for determining the cost of capital.
With the adoption of the standard on business valuation (IDW S1) in 2000, the IDW made the determination of the cost of capital based on the CAPM binding for the auditing profession. This was further specified by the revision of IDW S1 in 2008. In addition, the cost of capital has found its way into accounting standards and case law via the IASB requirements and the decisions of the Federal Court of Justice.
For the valuation of a company, the future financial payment surpluses must be discounted to the valuation dates using a suitable interest rate. The capitalization rate used corresponds to the expected return on an alternative use of capital that is adequate in comparison to the valuation object. This should be methodologically appropriate in terms of maturity, risk and taxation. Return flows to providers of equity require discounting at the cost of equity. Cash surpluses that are available to all providers of capital must be discounted using a total cost of capital. The WACC approach has proven to be the most practicable method.
The cost of equity indicates the return that a company must provide to its equity providers in order to adequately remunerate their invested capital. The CAPM model uses the following formula to calculate the cost of equity:
The risk-free interest rate represents the interest rate of a risk-free investment, the beta measure indicates how strongly the company's share prices react to fluctuations in the market as a whole, and the market interest rate is the expected amount of return that investors expect from investing in the market as a whole. With the SmartZebra Valuation Pro module, business valuers can determine all the parameters they need.
The return on equity shows how much profit a company generates in relation to the equity invested. A higher return on equity is generally better, but a low return on equity can also have positive reasons, such as long-term growth strategies.
The return on equity corresponds to the risk-free interest rate plus the equity risk premium, which is the product of the beta factors and the equity risk premium.
If no capital market data is available, the weighted beta factors of a comparison group or peer group can be used. These companies should be comparable with the company to be valued in terms of their systematic risk.
The equity risk premium represents the difference between the expected return on a broad market equity portfolio and a risk-free investment. The IDW's FAUB recommends a range of 5.50% to 7.00% for the CAPM and 5.0% to 6.0% for the Tax-CAPM.
The cost of debt is usually calculated as the sum of the risk-free interest rate and a risk premium for the lenders. The risk-free interest rate is determined in a similar way to the cost of equity. The credit spread is derived from the credit rating and the credit spreads of comparable listed bonds. Data on credit spreads is provided by the SmartZebra Credit Spreads Pro module:
The discount rate is a central component of business valuation and cost of capital determination. Careful calculation and interpretation of these rates are critical to the accuracy of valuations. smartZebra's tools and expertise can help make this process efficient and ensure compliance requirements are met.
The discount rate is used to discount future cash flows to their present value. It is important for calculating the present value of future payments and making well-founded investment decisions.
The cost of capital is calculated as the expected return on an investment, taking into account the agreed conditions and the opportunities and risks of the investment. The CAPM model is often used to calculate the cost of equity.
Equity costs include dividend payments and increases in the value of an equity investment, while debt costs include interest payments on debt.
The equity risk premium represents the difference between the expected return on the market and the risk-free return. It influences the cost of capital by reflecting the risk and the expected return of an investment.
Peer groups are used if no capital market data is available for the company being valued. They provide comparable beta factors and risk profiles to determine the cost of capital.
smartZebra provides tools and data that simplify the complex process of calculating the discount rate, enabling accurate analysis and ensuring compliance requirements are met.
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